Clinicopathological and prognostic value of TIL and PD L1 in triple negative breast carcinomas.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer, accounts for 15 % of all diagnosed breast cancers. This group, which has the worst clinical outcome, high recurrence rate and poor prognosis, does not benefit from specific treatment. Therefore, there is a need to develop more effective biomarker and therapeutic strategies especially for this group. A positive level of immunity has been found to be associated with patient survival in various organ cancers. More specifically, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been documented to have strong prognostic value. The programmed cell death 1 (PD 1) protein on the surface of T lymphocytes is activated by the Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein on the cancer cell surface. PD- L1 is thought to form a pathway that results in suppression of antitumor responses when activated. Patients with breast cancer (BC) who underwent resection without neoadjuvant chemotherapy between 2010 and 2020 were included in this study. Of the 302 BCs examined, 21 constitute the group with TNBC. In our study, the mean age of the Triple positive breast cancer (TPBC) and TNBC groups was similar (55.67 ± 12.61 vs. 53.23 ± 8.21, p = 0.384). There was no significant correlation between TPBC and TNBC and tumor size, lymph node, histological grade, and PD-L1 positivity in the center of the tumor (all p-value >.05). It was observed that tumor stage was higher in patients with TNBC than in patients with TPBC (19 % vs. 1.1 %, p = .002). The Ki 67 proliferation index was found to be higher in patients with TNBC than in patients with TPBC (90.5 % vs. 41.8 %, p .001). Although not statistically significant, clinically, CD 3 and CD 8 immune scores with high tumor margin were higher in patients with TNBC than in patients with TPBC (90.4 % vs, 9.6 % and 85.7 % vs. 14.3 %, respectively). Positive expression of PD-L1 at the tumor margin was significantly higher in patients with TNBC than patients with TPBC (20.3 % vs, 52.4 %, p = .002). By Kaplan-Meier analysis, the survival distribution of CD 3 and CD 8 immunoscore, tumor central and margin PD-L1 values were compared. Mean follow-up was 136.18 months (range, 1 - 144 months); and the 10-year Overall Survival (OS) estimate for the population was 90.9 % (95 % CI, 85.5 - 96.7). In this study, this difference was not statistically significant according to the log-rank test. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between CD 3, CD 8 T lymphocyte immune score and PD-L1 expression at the tumor center and margin in TNBC, the prognostic value and clinicopathological significance of this relationship.

The effects of nitroglycerin in the zone of stasis in a rat burn model.

BACKGROUND: Studies evaluating the recovery of the zone of stasis is an important issue in burn research. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the efficiency of an anti-ischemic and vasodilatory agent, a topical agent containing 2% nitroglycerin with 1% silver sulfadiazine, and bacitracin-neomycin sulfate in the zone of stasis histomorphologically and immunohistochemically. METHODS: We conducted an experimental study using 30 Wistar-Albino rats, each weighing 250-300 grams. The rats were divided randomly into five groups (six rats in each group). In this study, the "comb model," which was deemed to be the most appropriate experimental model to produce an injury with predictable zones and was first described by Regas and Erhlich, was used. The following were applied to the zone of stasis after creating a burn model in 0, 24, and 48 hours: topical 2% nitroglycerin, 1% silver sulfadiazine, bacitracin-neomycin sulfate, and Vaseline-lanolin (sham). After 72 hours, biopsies were performed from the zone of stasis and evaluated by histomorphological and immunohistochemical CD 34 (expressed in human endothelial and hematopoietic cells) and D 2-40 (expressed in the endothelium of lymphatic capillaries) methods. The results were evaluated using the chi-square test. RESULTS: Compared with the other groups, a statistically significant difference was found in edema, inflammation, and vascular proliferation in the nitroglycerin group. Significantly more intense staining for CD 34 was found in the nitroglycerin group compared with the other groups. Immunohistochemical staining for D 2-40 was also found statistically significant in the nitroglycerin group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: A topical containing 2% nitroglycerin increases vascular proliferation in the zone of stasis affects the recovery and may be used as a new agent in burn injury treatment.

Effect of curcumin on bone healing: An experimental study in a rat model of femur fracture.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the radiologic, histologic and biomechanical effects of curcumin on bone healing using a total rat femur fracture injury model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty four male Wistar-Albino rats weighing 170-210 g were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into eight groups and 5 or 6 animals were placed in each cage. A transverse femur shaft fracture model used. The animals in study groups received oral curcumin at a dose of 200 mg/kg for 14 days or 28 days. Remaining animals received only saline solution by oral gavage for a period of 14 days and 28 days as control groups. After sacrification the left femurs used for radiological, histological and biomechanical evaluation. RESULTS: The groups treated with curcumin showed no significant difference in terms of radiological, histological and biomechanical evaluations in 14 days groups. Also there was no significant difference between curcumin and control groups for 28 days according to radiological, histological and biomechanical tests. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, curcumin has no positive effect on fracture healing not only histologically but also radiologically and biomechanically. Curcumin's antioxidant effect may be more noticeable with long term follow up investigation as it may have a positive effect in remodelling phase. Long term follow up designed studies may be planned to investigate its effect on remodelling phase of fracture healing.

Serpentine supravenous hyperpigmentation related to carboplatin and vinorelbine chemotherapy: A case report.

Serpentine supravenous hyperpigmentation (SSH) is a unique type of chemotherapy-associated drug eruption, characterized by hyperpigmentation along the superficial venous network. Histopathology reveals an increase in melanin production without destruction of basal cells of the epidermis or dermal inflammatory infiltrate. Herein, we describe a patient who developed SSH after repeated intravenous infusions with carboplatin and vinorelbine; two medications that have been uncommonly reported in association with SSH previously.

The effects of intra-articular injection of ibuprofen on knee joint cartilage and synovium in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this animal study was to investigate the short and long-term local histomorphologic effects and the utility of intra-articular application of ibuprofen. METHODS: Forty-six Wistar Albino rats were used in the study. The rats were randomized into 5 groups of 8 and a sham group of 6. The 40 rats in the study groups were anaesthetised with 60 mg/kg of ketamine, then 0.25 ml ibuprofen (25 mg) was injected to the right knee joint of each rat (ibuprofen group) and 0.25 ml 0.9% saline to the left knee joint as the control group. To the 6 rats in the sham group, only puncture was applied to both knee joints. The rats in each of the 5 study groups were sacrificed on days 1, 2, 7, 14 and 21 respectively. The histomorphologic changes were graded on a 6-point scale regarding inflammation of the synovia, cartilage tissue, and subchondral bone. Inflammation scores were compared using the Mann Whitney U-test and comparisons of the sacrifice day and drug used were evaluated with the Kruskal Wallis test. The p values below 0.05 were considered as significant. RESULTS: Statistically significant difference was found between the ibuprofen injected knees (10/40) and the saline injected (0/40) and sham knees (0/12) in respect of hematoma positivity (p = 0.002). Significantly higher inflammation scores were found in ibuprofen injected knees on the 1st, 2nd, 7th and 14th days compared to controls and sham (p < 0.05). Inflammation scores were similar in ibuprofen injected knees with and without hematoma (p > 0.05). Inflammation of the ibuprofen injected group was most severe on day one and the severity of inflammation reduced gradually throughout the 3 weeks. CONCLUSION: Our results show that intra-articular injection of ibuprofen can cause intra-articular hematoma. It also leads to transient inflammation of the synovia that is more severe in the early period, which gradually recovers.

Effect of curcumin on tendon healing: an experimental study in a rat model of Achilles tendon injury.

PURPOSE: This in vivo study aims to investigate the effects of curcumin which is recently developed for tendon healing using a rat Achilles tendon injury model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen male Wistar albino rats weighing 300-400 g were used in this study. Under anesthesia, Achilles tendon injuries were created and repaired surgically. Nine rats of the study group received curcumin (suspended in saline at a dose of 200 mg/kg orally) and eight rats of the control group received only saline solution by oral gavage for a period of 28 days. Animals were euthanized on the 28th post-operative day, and all the Achilles tendons were removed and transferred immediately for biomechanic and histological analysis. RESULTS: Macroscopically, all the tendons were fully healed. Total mean Bonar score was higher in the control group. When the parameters of Bonar score were analysed separately, tenocyte morphology, collogen, and ground substance scores were statistically lower than the control group (p = 0.03, 0.041, 0.049, respectively). Vascularity parameter did not show any statistical difference (p > 0.05). Of the nine biomechanical parameters, five of them (failure load, cross-sectional area, length, ultimate stress, strain) showed better results which were also statistically significant (p = 0.046, 0.027, 0.011, 0.021, 0.002, respectively). When the remaining four parameters were examined, the study group also had better results, but this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Curcumin had better results for total tendon healing not only histologically but also biomechanically. Curcumin could be an additional agent in the management of surgically repaired tendon injuries.

Effects of Carvacrol on Survival, Mesenteric Blood Flow, Aortic Function and Multiple Organ Injury in a Murine Model of Polymicrobial Sepsis.

Carvacrol (CRV) has strong cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to demonstrate the possible protective effects of CRV on survival, mesenteric artery blood flow (MBF), vascular reactivity, and oxidative and inflammatory injuries in a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Wistar rats were allocated into the following four groups: Sham, CLP, Sham + CRV, and CLP + CRV. The animals were orally administered with CRV (80 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (corn oil; 1 mL/kg/day) for 7 days. At the eighth day, Sham or CLP procedure was applied. Twenty hours after the operations, MBF and contractile responses of isolated aortic preparations to phenylephrine were measured. Tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological assessments. Additionally, survival rates were recorded throughout 96 h. CRV administration improved the mesenteric perfusion, contractile function of aorta, and survival after CLP. CRV substantially prevented the elevations in the levels of LDH, BUN, Cr, and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6) but could not prevent the elevations of AST and ALT after CLP. The decreased liver, kidney, and spleen glutathione levels and increased liver, kidney, lung, and spleen malondialdehyde levels induced by CLP were substantially restored by CRV. Also, histopathological protective effects of CRV on multiple organ damage due to CLP were observed. CRV possesses strong ameliorative effects on sepsis due to its protective effects on mesenteric perfusion and aortic function and its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

Thymoquinone protects against the sepsis induced mortality, mesenteric hypoperfusion, aortic dysfunction and multiple organ damage in rats.

BACKGROUND: Thymoquinone (TQ) is a potent cytoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. We aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of TQ on survival, mesenteric artery blood flow (MABF), vascular reactivity, oxidative and inflammatory injuries in a murine sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups: Sham, CLP, Sham+TQ and CLP+TQ. TQ (1mg/kg/day) or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide, 1mL/kg/day) was intraperitoneally injected for 3 days. At 4th day Sham or CLP operation was applied. 20h after the operations, MABF and contractile responses of isolated aortic rings to phenylephrine were measured. Tissue samples were obtained for histopathological and biochemical examinations. Also, survival rates were recorded throughout 96h. RESULTS: TQ ameliorated mesenteric hypoperfusion and partially attenuated aortic dysfunction induced by CLP. Survival rate was %0 at 42nd h in CLP group, but in CLP+TQ group it was 33.4% at the end of 96h. Serum levels of AST, ALT, LDH, BUN, Cr and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 ß and interleukin-6) increased in CLP group that were prevented by TQ. The decreases in liver, spleen and kidney glutathione levels and the increases in liver, lung, kidney and spleen malondialdehyde levels induced by CLP were inhibited by TQ. The histopathological protective effects of TQ on multiple organ damage due to CLP were also observed. CONCLUSION: TQ has ameliorative effects on sepsis due to its protective effects on mesenteric perfusion, contractile function of aorta and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.

Coenzyme Q10 improves the survival, mesenteric perfusion, organs and vessel functions in septic rats.

BACKGROUND: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a naturally occurring, lipid-soluble antioxidant and an essential electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In sepsis, CoQ10 deficiency induced by mitochondrial failure can lead to hypoxia, hypoperfusion, oxidative organ damage and finally death. We aimed to investigate the effects of CoQ10 on survival, mesenteric artery blood flow (MABF), vascular reactivity, oxidative and inflammatory injuries in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into Sham, CLP, Sham+CoQ10, CLP+CoQ10 subgroups. CoQ10 (10mg/kg/day) or vehicle (olive oil; 1mL/kg/day) was intraperitoneally injected for 15days. At 16th day, Sham or CLP operation was performed. 20h after the operations, MABF and phenylephrine responses of isolated aortic rings were measured. Tissue samples were obtained for histopathological and biochemical evaluations. Furthermore, survival rates were monitored throughout 96h. RESULTS: CoQ10 prevented mesenteric hypoperfusion and aortic dysfunction induced by CLP. Survival rate was %0 at 46th h in CLP group, but in CLP+CoQ10 group it was 37.5% at the end of 96h. CLP-induced elevations of serum AST, ALT, LDH, BUN, Cr and inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6) levels were blocked by CoQ10. CoQ10 restored the increased liver, lung, spleen and kidney malondialdehyde levels and as well as reduced liver and spleen glutathione levels. The protective effects of CoQ10 on multiple organ damage were also observed histopathologically. CONCLUSIONS: CoQ10 showed protective effects in sepsis due to its preservative effects on mesenteric perfusion, aortic function and also its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.

Infliximab alleviates the mortality, mesenteric hypoperfusion, aortic dysfunction, and multiple organ damage in septic rats.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pivotal mediator that triggers inflammatory process, oxidative stress, and multiple organ injury in sepsis. We investigated the effects of infliximab on survival, mesenteric artery blood flow (MBF), vascular reactivity, and oxidative and inflammatory injuries in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Wistar rats were divided into Sham, CLP, Sham+infliximab, and CLP+infliximab subgroups. Twenty-four hours before the operations, rats were injected intraperitoneally with infliximab (7 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline; 1 mL/kg). Twenty hours after the operations, MBF and phenylephrine responses of isolated aortic rings were measured. Tissue damages were examined biochemically and histopathologically. Furthermore, survival rates were monitored throughout 96 h. Infliximab improved survival, mesenteric perfusion, and aortic function after CLP. Increases of serum AST, ALT, LDH, BUN, Cr, and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6) induced by CLP were blocked by infliximab. Infliximab prevented malondialdehyde elevations in septic liver, lung, spleen, and kidney tissues, as well as glutathione reductions in septic liver, spleen, and kidney tissues. Protective effects of infliximab on multiple organ damage were also observed histopathologically. Infliximab showed protective effects in sepsis due to its improvement effects on mesenteric perfusion, aortic function, and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.

Celecoxib administration reduced mortality, mesenteric hypoperfusion, aortic dysfunction and multiple organ injury in septic rats.

BACKGROUND: The cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 overexpression is associated with vascular injury and multiple organ failure in sepsis. However, constitutive COX-1 and basal COX-2 expressions have physiological effects. We aimed to investigate the effects of partial and selective COX-2 inhibition without affecting constitutive COX-1 and basal COX-2 activities by celecoxib on mesenteric artery blood flow (MABF), vascular reactivity, oxidative and inflammatory injuries, and survival in septic rats accomplished by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS: Wistar rats were allocated into Sham, CLP, Sham+celecoxib, CLP+celecoxib subgroups. 2h after Sham and CLP operations, celecoxib (0.5mg/kg) or vehicle (saline; 1mL/kg) was administered orally to rats. 18h after drug administrations, MABF and responses of isolated aortic rings to phenylephrine were measured. Tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Furthermore, survival rate was monitored throughout 96h. RESULTS: Celecoxib ameliorated mesenteric hypoperfusion and partially improved aortic dysfunction induced by CLP. Survival rate was%0 at 49th h in CLP group, but in CLP+celecoxib group it was 42.8% at the end of 96h. Serum AST, ALT, LDH, BUN, Cr and inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6) levels were increased in CLP group that were prevented by celecoxib. The decreases in liver and spleen glutathione levels and the increases in liver, lung, spleen and kidney malondialdehyde levels in CLP group were blocked by celecoxib. The histopathological protective effects of celecoxib on organ injury due to CLP were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Celecoxib has protective effects on sepsis due to its preservative effects on mesenteric perfusion, aortic function and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.

Using Computerized Cytomorphometry to Distinguish between Benign and Malignant Cases in Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology.

BACKGROUND: Only a small number of studies on computerized cytomorphometry have been performed for thyroid FNAC. The present study aimed to determine the usefulness of computerized cytomorphometry methods to further classify thyroid lesions as benign or malignant and to compare the practicability and value of using Papanicolaou (Pap) and Giemsa stains in thyroid FNAC by evaluating their association to various cytologic nuclear parameters. METHODS: Fifty-eight thyroid lesions diagnosed by FNAC and categorized according to the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology were evaluated in terms of various cytologic nuclear parameters, including nuclear area (NA), nuclear perimeter (NP), nuclear density (ND), long nuclear diameter (LND), and short nuclear diameter (SND). The Pap- and Giemsa-stained slides were examined separately. RESULTS: In the malignant cases, NA, NP, LND, and SND were higher than in the benign cases for both the Pap and Giemsa stains. NA, NP, LND, and SND were higher in Giemsa than Pap for both the benign and malignant groups. Statistically significant differences were detected between the benign and malignant cases in the AUS category. CONCLUSIONS: Computerized cytomorphometry is useful in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions in thyroid FNAC. The measurement of cytologic nuclear parameters in cases suggestive of AUS may be useful for the probable classification of cases as benign or malignant. Although further studies are needed, in nuclear morphometric assessment of thyroid FNAC, Giemsa staining may be more useful and valuable than the Pap stain because of its association with various cytologic nuclear parameters. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:902-911. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Eruption of an impacted canine in an adenomatid odontogenic tumor treated with combined orthodontic and surgical therapy.

An adenomatoid odontogenic tumor is an uncommon asymptomatic lesion that is often misdiagnosed as a dentigerous cyst. It originates from the odontogenic epithelium. Enucleation and curettage is the usual treatment of choice. Marsupialization may be attempted instead of extraction of the impacted tooth, since it provides an opportunity for tooth eruption. This case report is the first to report on the eruption of an impacted canine in an adenomatoid odontogenic tumor treated with combined orthodontics and marsupialization. The impacted canine erupted uneventfully, with no evidence of recurrence 3 years after the treatment.

Uterine Tumour Resembling Ovarian Sex Cord Tumour- A Rare Entity.

Uterine Tumour Resembling Ovarian Sex-Cord Tumours (UTROSCTs) are an extremely rare type of uterine body tumours arising from the endometrial stroma. Epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, management and natural history of UTROSCTs are still a question of debate, as there is little available data in the literature. Although rare, the possibility of UTROSCTs should be kept in mind, when a patient presents with abnormal bleeding and an enlarged uterus. UTROSCTs appear dirty white/cream-coloured, gelatinous, well-circumscribed mass with smooth surface on macroscopic examination. We present a rare case of endometrial stromal tumour with sex-cord-like differentiation which was successfully treated by hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The clinical manifestations, pathologic characteristics, diagnosis and management of these tumours are reviewed here.

Importance of the cell block technique in diagnosing patients with non-small cell carcinoma accompanied by pleural effusion.

BACKGROUND: Cytological examination of pleural effusions is very important in the diagnosis of malignant lesions. Thoracentesis is the first investigation to be performed in a patient with pleural effusion. In this study, we aimed to compare traditional with cell block methods for diagnosis of lung disease accompanied by pleural effusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 194 patients with exudative pleural effusions were included. Ten mililiters of fresh pleural fluid were obtained by thoracentesis from all patients in the initial evaluation. The samples gathered were divided to two equal parts, one for conventional cytological analysis and the other for analysis with the cell block technique. In cytology, using conventional diagnostic criteria cases were divided into 3 categories, benign, malignant and undetermined. The cell block sections were evaluated for the presence of single tumor cells, papillary or acinar patterns and staining with mucicarmine. In the cell block examination, in cases with sufficient cell counts histopathological diagnosis was performed. RESULTS: Of the total undergoing conventional cytological analyses, 154 (79.4%)were reported as benign, 33 (17%) as malignant and 7 (3.6%) as suspicious of malignancy. With the cell block method the results were 147 (75.8%) benign, 12 (6.2%) metastatic, 4 (2.1%) squamous cell carcinoma, 18 (9.3%) adenocarcinoma, 5 (2.6%) large cell carcinoma, 2 (1%) mesothelioma, 3 (1.5%) small cell carcinoma, and 3 (1.5%) lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed that the cell block method increases the diagnostic yield with exudative pleural effusions accompanying lung cancer.

New therapy option for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis: tigecycline.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of topically applied tigecycline for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a rabbit model. METHODS: Experimental bacterial keratitis was induced in rabbits by a corneal intrastromal injection of 100 colony-forming units (CFUs) of MRSA bacteria. Sixteen hours after the injection, 28 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups of 7 rabbits each. In each group, the rabbits' eyes were treated topically with 19 doses of topical tigecycline (10 or 50 mg/mL), vancomycin (50 mg/mL), or isotonic saline. Slit lamp examinations were performed before and after the inoculation by two observers masked to the study for the determination of clinical severity. Corneas were harvested for bacterial quantitation and histopathologic examination. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the clinical scores between pretreatment and posttreatment in the 4 groups (P>0.05). The mean difference between the pretreatment and posttreatment clinical scores from the 4 treatment groups was also not significant (P>0.05). All treatment groups had significantly lower CFUs compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in the bacterial load among the treatment groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for tigecycline was 0.12 µg/mL, whereas the MIC for vancomycin was 2.2 µg/mL. The tigecycline 10 mg/mL group had the lowest mean epithelial erosion values among the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Topical tigecycline significantly reduced the bacterial load in infected rabbit corneas and may be as effective as vancomycin for the topical treatment of MRSA keratitis.

Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules: cytologic and histopathologic correlation of 1096 patients.

Via routinely used thyroid function tests, scintigraphy and ultrasonography (USG), important information is obtained in the clinical and diagnostic practice for thyroid nodules. However, the distinction between benign and malignant lesions cannot precisely be performed with these tests. Thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is considered the most reliable diagnostic method in the differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. It has recently been likely to perform aspiration from deeper nodules via the implemention of FNAB along with USG. Today, in cytopathological examination of thyroid FNAB, standardized Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) system is used. Here, FNAB was performed in 1096 patients with thyroid nodules in the Medical School of Selcuk University between January 2009 and July 2014. Patients consisted of 919 women and 177 men between 12 and 87 years of age. Evaluated via BSRTC, the results were classified as unsatisfactory, benign, atypia (or follicular lesions) of undetermined significance (AUS), follicular neoplasm or lesions suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN), suspected malignant and malignant. After FNAB, 183 patients were operated and evaluated histopathologically. Histological malignancy rates of the categories were as follows: 16% (5), 15% (6) 14% (1) 60% (9), 72% (18) and 97% (63), respectively. In our study, we aimed to compare FNAB results of thyroid nodules with histopathology results after thyroidectomy and to show the sensitivity and specificity of FNAB technique to be higher in the follow-up and diagnosis of thyroid lesions. Given the malignancy detection rate in the follow-up of patients whose cytology was reported as inadequate, we also consider follow-ups are important in these patients.

The effects of methylene blue on adhesion formation in a rat model of experimental peritonitis.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the effects of methylene blue (MB) on the early and late phases of adhesion and abscess formation in a standard colonic wall injury and fecal peritonitis model in rats. METHODS: There were four groups: Group I (only laparotomy, n=10), Group II (peritonitis + MB, n=15), Group III (peritonitis + saline, n=15), and Group IV (colon incision + saline, n=15). Mortality, morbidity, adhesion scores, histopathologic analyses, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) levels, and tissue hydroxyproline (5-HP) levels were evaluated in all animals. Descriptive statistical methods were used with Kruskal-Wallis test. When a statistical difference was obtained between groups, Mann-Whitney U test was used to confirm the difference between two groups. RESULTS: Adhesion scores of Groups I, III and IV were significantly higher than in Group II. TNF-? levels were significantly higher in Groups I, III and IV. 5-HP levels were significantly lower in Groups I and II compared to Groups III and IV. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it appears that MB may prevent peritoneal adhesions in a peritonitis model, but wound healing could be impaired. MB should be further evaluated because of its dual effect.